PERFECT SHAPE

Since grapes season approaches, I thought it will be interesting to see what health benefits these fruits can provide.

Grapes were first cultivated in Europe 6,000 years ago. They got to America with the help of Franciscan monks, who used them for the purpose of making sacramental wine.

There are over 50 varieties of grapes that are cultivated as table grapes and over 60 varieties of grapes cultivated for wine making.

The nutrients contained by grapes are different from one kind to another.

Still, we can say that grapes are 70-80% water and 15-30% sugar (fructose and glucose) (for more details on the use of glucose in the human body, please visit www.the-perfectshape.com/2007/05/26/2-of-the-most-important-elements-in-fruits/ ).

Additionally, grapes also contain the following nutrients: phlobaphene, quercetine, gallic acid, silicic acid, anin, glucosides, salicilic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, pectins, tannic substances, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, A, C, P, PP, K, enzymes and folic acid.

As we can see, grapes are a great source for numerous nutrients. But this is not all…important nutrients are also contained by grapes seeds (tannic substances, lecithin, phlobaphene and fatty oil), grape skin (tannic substances and oils) and even grapes leaves (sugar, carotene, tannic substances, potassium, sodium, silicon and iron).

In 100g of grapes there are:

1. Calories: 60;
2. Carbohydrates: 15 g;
3. Sugar: 15 g;
4. Proteins: 21g;
5. Fat: 21g.

The main 4 health benefits of grapes are:

1. HEART DISEASES

Numerous studies have been conducted focused on the impact of grapes in preventing or slowing down heart diseases.

About 20 years ago, scientists discovered that French people had less heart related health problems than other countries all around the globe. This discovery was called the French Paradox. The main explanation for this was that French people drank red wine with their meals.

Since this discovery was made, more than 300 other studies were carried out, proving that red wine or grapes juice can reduce the risk of heart diseases in time.

It seems that grapes juice or wine block the artery clogging effects of fatty food products.

Coronary heart diseases occur when plaque accumulations build up on the walls of arteries. This can lead to a blockage of vessels supplying blood to the heart (or brain) causing heart attacks (or strokes).

Antioxidants in fresh grapes, known as polyphenols, are responsible for preventing the accumulation of oxidized cholesterol (this was proven in a study that was published in the Journal of Nutrition).

Resveratrol, a polyphenol contained by grapes, protects against arterial wall damage. Another interesting nutrient contained by grapes is pterostilbene. Researchers discovered that this compound can reduce cholesterol and triglycerides by affecting enzymes responsible with the regulation of fat level in our blood.

Other interesting compounds are saponins, located in grapes skin. These substances bind with cholesterol, preventing in this way its absorption into the body. Also, saponins seem to be able to block inflammations.

And this is not all… By drinking grapes juice we accumulate another antioxidant called alpha-tocopherol, a substance that increases blood antioxidant activity by 50%.

Referring to the selection of grapes, it seems that red grapes are the healthiest and best to eat in order to prevent heart diseases.

2. CANCER

Grapes seem to be very good cancer fighting fruits.

They contain high levels of caffeic acid, a very strong cancer fighting substance.

Bioflavonoids, another nutrient contained by grapes, facilitate the absorption of vitamin C into our bodies and help vitamin C maintain healthy connective tissue in our bodies. They also function as antioxidants, by protecting vitamin C from oxidation and by preventing ruptures in capillaries.

Bioflavonoids provide strength to our cells in the battle with cancerous cells and also help kill cancer cells.

The early mentioned nutrient, resveratrol, also helps in preventing cancer, especially liver, lung, breast and prostate cancer.

As for heart diseases, red grapes are best for cancer prevention.

3. VIRUSES

In a study conducted at Erciyes University in Turkey, scientists discovered that grapes have an effective antimicrobial action. The study revealed that this action applies for certain bacteria, like Stoph and the famous E. coli.

Additionally, the high concentration of tannin, another polyphenol contained by grapes, can help fight viruses and tumors. Tanin is absorbed in the intestinal tract, where it is most effective in fighting viruses.

4. AGING

Although we have found that resveratrol has a lot of health related benefits, the list is not over yet.

As we have previously discussed, resveratrol is a natural antioxidant that can help reduce heart diseases, the risk of cancer and even brain diseases like Alzheimer’s.

Besides these benefits, resveratrol seems to influence genes controlling the aging process.

According to Harvard Medical School researchers, this substance can restrict calories intake. It activates enzymes that slow aging, thus increasing DNA stability and extending life span by 70%.

Grapes can contribute to reducing the risk of loss of eyesight (a major problem among the elderly). By increasing grapes intake we can reduce the risk of macular degeneration (the main cause of vision loss) by 30-40%.

Although it seems that grapes can have a huge positive effect on the human body, there are some RESTRICTIONS/ WARNINGS regarding their consumption. Here are some of them:

1. Neither grapes, nor grapes juice are recommended for persons suffering from stomach ulcers, diabetes and obesity;
2. Eating grapes or drinking grapes juice can cause dental problems. If you have a cavity in a tooth, it is not recommended to consume grapes, as they will intensify the destruction process of the tooth;
3. Grapes cannot be consumed along with a relatively large number of food products, like: milk, fish, beer, mineral water, melons, etc. The combination of these kinds of food products with grapes can cause serious stomach problems.

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The origin of apples is not well known, however there are records of apple crops from ancient Egypt. There are also traces of apples in other Caspian Sea civilizations and China. The word “apple” comes from the old English æppel and it could be one of the oldest English word to come from a Indo-European form.

The largest apple producer in the world is China with about 40% of the total production. The second producer is the U.S. with more than 7.5%. Other leading apple producers are Turkey, France, Italy and Iran. 60% of all the commercially sold apples in the U.S. are grown in Washington state.

Apples are a good source of dietary fiber and vitamin C. One medium sized apple has about 13% of the recommended daily value of dietary fiber and 11% of vitamin C. One apple can supply you with 72 calories, two of them being from fat. Other nutrients that the apple has are vitamin K, vitamin B6, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Potassium. Apples are 85% water. Apples contain carbohydrates which may increase blood sugar levels.

“An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Today, this old proverb in backed up by science. Research suggests that due to the Vitamin C and other antioxidants in apples, this fruit may reduce risk of cancer by preventing DNA damage. Also, fibers control cholesterol levels helping with heart disease and weight loss.

Diets low in fat and high in fiber are associated with lower incidents of prostate cancer. Phytoestrogens are preventive agents against prostate cancer. One class of phytoestrogens is flavonoids, which are found in a high proportion in apples, onions and tea leaves. According to a study by Mayo Clinic in 2001, quercetin, a flavonoid found in apples, prevents growth of prostate cancer cells.

A study by Cornell University indicated that phytochemicals from apple skin inhibit the reproduction of colon cancer cells.

The National Cancer Institute stated that foods containing flavonoids can reduce lung cancer risk by 50%. Scientists at the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii stated that “foods rich in certain flavonoids may protect against certain forms of lung cancer.” Also, British studies indicate that eating apples is good for lung health. A study shows that people who ate five apples per week had better lung function and lower risk for respiratory disease. According to the University of Groningen, apples can reduce the risk of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) at smokers by 50%. COPD makes its victims gasping for breath. Dutch scientists studied if the flavonoids (found in a high amount in apples and tea) could help against COPD. Their results were that a high intake of catechins (a flavonoid) and solid fruits are beneficial against COPD.

Finnish researchers have studied the effect of the flavonoid quercetin on cardiovascular diseases. It was concluded that being a major source of quercetin, apples could decrease the risk of thrombotic stroke.

The same researchers associated the dietary consumption of flavonoids with heart attack cases and stated that people with very low intake of flavonoids are more exposed to coronary disease. Dutch scientists studied the effect of the catechin flavonoid found in apples, tea and chocolate. They concluded that intake of catechin may reduce risk of ischemic heart disease.

A recent study on more than 34,000 women published in the March 2007 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, concluded that three foods rich in flavonoids (apples, red wine and pears) lower the risk of mortality for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease. Flavonoids are also found in other fruits and vegetables, tea, nuts, seeds, herbs and spices. Even thou the study focused on postmenopausal women, groups of all ages are encouraged to eat more fruits and vegetables, including apples.

Also, many studies have shown that apple consumption reduces the blood cholesterol. The substance responsible for this is thought to be pectin found in also other fruits and vegetables. A study at University of California at Davis showed that apple juice inhibits oxidation of harmful cholesterol. The specific substances that acted this way are not yet known, but both fresh and commercial apple juices inhibited LDL oxidation.

A group of apple compounds could protect the brain from damage that causes Alzheimer and Parkinsonism. Apple phenolics found in fresh apple can protect nerve cells. Research from University of Massachusetts Lowell suggests that apple consumption can protect brain cells from age related memory loss. There were performed tests on mice that confirmed that apple juice protects against oxidative brain damage. The mice with apple juice diet had significantly better results at the maze tests than the other mice. However, more research is neded.

Also, other studies suggested that apples may also help with wrinkles. Sun caused skin damage may be repelled with consumption of fruits like apples and prunes, vegetables and olive oil. Meat and butter have adverse effects.

A Japanese study on animals suggests that procyanidin, a chemical compound in apples may help with hair growth. However the results were inconclusive to make an assumption on the effects of procyanidin on humans.

Apples can also clean teeth, but the malic acid in the fruit is capable of eroding teeth over time through excessive consumption.

The seeds are poisonous because of the small amount of amygdalin, however it won’t have any toxic effect unless eaten in a high quantity.

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